Access Modifiers in Java: Controlling Visibility Like a Pro

Access modifiers in Java are used to control the visibility of classes, methods, and variables. Java provides four access levels: public, protected, default, and private. Understanding when to use each is crucial for writing secure and maintainable code.

The public modifier allows access from anywhere, while private restricts access to within the same class. The protected modifier allows access within the same package and by subclasses, and default provides package-level access. Here’s an example:

class AccessDemo {
    private int privateVar = 10;
    public int publicVar = 20;
    protected int protectedVar = 30;
    int defaultVar = 40; // default access
}
            

Using appropriate access modifiers helps ensure encapsulation and secure data handling. Always use the most restrictive modifier unless wider access is needed.